Self Esteem And Substance Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6178 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Self esteem is all about how much we feel valued, loved, accepted and thought well of by others and how much we value, love and accept ourselves. People with healthy self-esteem are able to feel good about them, appreciate their own worth and take pride in their abilities, skills and accomplishments. People with low self- esteem may feel as if no one will like them or accept them or that they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do well in anything People with high self esteem tend to be ambitious in what they want to experience in Life, they have a drive to express them and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Self Esteem And Substance Abuse" essay for you Create order People with low self esteem rarely live their life to the full, they distance themselves from others, denied their love and support, and uncomfortable with success, some of them even take alcohol and drugs. We all experience problems with self esteem at certain times in our lives-especially during our teens figuring out, where we fit in the world. The level of self esteem determines how we operate in life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"how we interact with others such as spouse, children, friends, and strangers .It determines our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness. Self esteem has long been believed to play an important role in the use of alcohol; People with alcohol problems often have low self esteem. They judge themselves negatively-not just for their addiction, but also for other parts of their behavior or their personality. Most of the individuals who are addicted to drugs and alcohol are not happy with their lives and live a life of despair and hopelessness, the major symptom is poor self esteem. Poor self esteem is at the heart of an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s addiction and dependency and there is an inverse relationship between alcohol dependency and self esteem, that if a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self esteem improves the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s addictive behavior. 1.1. Need For The Study: Low self esteem is one of the causative factor that vast majority of alcohol addicts share in common, low self esteem is challenging in four areas. First they feel that they lack personal power, secondly many with low self esteem feel lacking the affection and attention of others, thirdly low self esteem results when people feel that they lack virtue, often feel unloved, unappreciated and lastly those possessing low self esteem hold themselves as incompetent in one or more areas. Several researchers have argued that self esteem poses high risk for alcohol abuse in some populations, including adolescents, college students, and females (Donnelly, 2000). Another area of life that Alcoholics with low Self-Esteem often struggle with their occupation. Perhaps they may lack education, information, skill sets, or the belief in their ability to obtain a worthwhile job and so they self-sabotage and then get to the right about the fact that no one wants to hire them. Seeking continuous education is hopeless to those who have such low self-esteem since they see themselves as incapable of excelling in the process of studying, taking exams, and achieving success in all the systems. Low self- esteem can also manifest as a result of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inability to generate wealth, they see themselves struggling to survive in a world marked by competition, often struggle with their occupation. Those with low self esteem often resort to addictive behaviors in an effort to numb out the pain and escape to a world that allows them a temporary release from their sufferings and problems 1.2. Statement of the Problem: Promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic dependants 1.3. Objectives: 1.3.1 Assessment the self esteem level among alcoholics 1.3.2 Association of self esteem and Alcoholism 1.3.2 Assessment of the effectiveness of self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem among alcoholics. 1.4. Assumptions: 1.4.1. Self esteem level may be low among alcoholic dependants. 1.4.2. Practice of self esteem activities may improve the self esteem level among alcoholic dependants 1.5. Operational Definitions: 1.5.1. PROMOTION- refers to the improvement in level of self esteem among Alcoholic dependants. 1.5.2. SELF ESTEEM- perceived self concept of an alcoholic individual 1.5.3. ALCOHOLICS- a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking. 1.6. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities Among Alcoholics Dependants: Conceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms (Giemman) The conceptual framework is derived from Penderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health promotion Model. In this study Individual characteristics and experience by physical, social psychological and occupational problems may change the level of self-esteem of the Alcoholic patients. Self-Esteem activities are promoted based on the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems may bring change in the level of self-esteem. It includes perceived benefit of Self-Esteem activities like Individual and Group activities. PENDERà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism: A study conducted on self esteem and Alcohol use on 61 Alcoholic dependants who were admitted in a rural Midwestern medical centre. An individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reactions to his or her social environment are mediated by a sense of self esteem, low levels of self esteem are develop during Socialization. Results suggest that specific form of social support is important to recovering alcoholic dependants (Steffennhagen and Burns, 2006). A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between the amounts of alcohol consumed in the past 30 days and self esteem. A low to moderate correlation was found (r (23) =.250, p.05). (Jeremy W.Lawing, 2006). A Study conducted on drinking problems and self-Esteem of college students,148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Personal Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? section of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. College Students are havin g low self Esteem (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%).Result shows an drinking behavior of college students are having low self esteem(()swego,2005). A study was conducted on the effects of self esteem on substance abuse among homeless men. This experimental study involving 305 samples of homeless men was assigned randomly to the treatment group and Control group. Control group was referred to community based services, experimental subjects were exposed to individual therapy, group interventions, life skills and relapse prevention training residing in a 24 Hour shelter for three months. Results indicated that self-esteem was increased in experimental group than in control group (Brandon, 2004). A descriptive study was conducted on self-esteem and alcohol dependants. Study comprises of two groups such as alcoholic dependants as one group and non-alcoholics in another group. Study shown that alcoholic dependants have lowered self esteem compa red to non alcoholics self esteem (Donnelly, 2003) A study was conducted to compare the level of self esteem among 30 alcoholics and 30 non alcoholic persons. They are assessed for self esteem using self esteem scale. The results showed that alcoholics had low self esteem when compared to non alcoholics(P001).Alcoholic dependants were perceived as less loving and less dominant as compared to non alcoholics, they also perceived alcoholics to be aggressive and sadistic(Neeliyara,2003). A study conducted to identify the relationship between alcohol consumption and self esteem. Study comprises of 26 Samples (Employees of local retail store), their self esteem was assessed by using Rosenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self esteem scale. Results showed that alcohol consumption is strongly related to self esteem (T.F.Heatherson,2000). A Study conducted on how self esteem influences alcohol consumption Study comprises of 61 samples. Over the course of two weekends self esteem was measured using Rosenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self esteem scale. Study showed the results that self esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescents drinking behavior, adolescents with high self esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self esteem. (Gerrerd, Russell, 2000 A cross-sectional survey design investigated the relationship of substance use and self esteem. Self -esteem was assessed using Hare Self-esteem Scale. Four hundred and eleven samples were completed the survey. Results revealed that there is a direct relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem (F=12.8,df=2,343,p,.00001).Regardless recent alcohol abusers had the lowest self-esteem scores and never users had the highest scores(F.X.Gibbons,2000). A study says that low self-esteem is the universal common denominator among all people suffering from addictions. Low self-esteem is the true disease and it is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors that p lagues the world (Candito, 1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and Alcohol Use Disorders in Early Adulthood. The relation among Self-esteem and Alcohol use disorder diagnoses was examined in a sample of 240 men evaluated at four annual assessments over the college years. The results support clinical observations that low self esteem plays a particularly important it eological role in alcohol problems in men (Fromme.K, 1989). A number of studies have indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, (Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1984). 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism A Study conducted on how group activity has an impact on self esteem among alcoholics. Study comprises 40 samples, 20 patients undergone group activities for 12 weeks in an inpatient setting and 20 patients as control groups. Patients in the intervention group showed significant enhancement in self esteem, social skills and self confidence where as there is no changes observed in control group (John Wiley, 2009) A Study was conducted how utilization of self esteem programs (Holistic Addiction Treatment Programme) plays an important role in Relapse prevention. Study comprises of 145 samples. Results show that 70 to 90 percentages, self esteem programs are effective in Relapse prevention and over all well-being to the treatment of recovering alcoholics (Harry Henshaw, 2007). A Study conducted on self esteem activities among Alcoholic patients. Study comprises of 43 samples, volunteers in the group undergone self esteem activities along with drug treatment, the other group only underwent drug treatment. Pretest-posttest comparison on a variety of physiological parameters indicated that significant improvements had occurred in psychological wellbeing including self esteem, self awareness, lifestyle adaptation and relapse prevention skills. Results suggest that promotion of self esteem activities improves self esteem among alcoholic dependants (Michael Peterson, Bryan johnstone, 2003) A study conducted on self-esteem and alcoholism among high school students total sample was 140(55males and 85 females) high school students. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Moberg, 1983) which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1961). Study has showed that indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink (Butler, 1980; Young, Werch, Brakeman 1989) CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Designing a research involves the development of plan or strategy that will guide the collection and analysis of data. The present study is designed to promote the Self-esteem among Alcoholic Patients. The methodology of the study constitutes research design, setting, population and sampling criteria for the selection of samples and tool for data collection. 3.1. One Group Pre Test Post Test Design: 3.2. Setting: This study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore. The De-Addiction centre consists of 25 bedded 3.3. Population: The overall population for the study was alcoholic patients who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi DE-Addiction Centre from 28.06.2010 to 25.07.2010. 3.4 Sample size And Sampling Technique: Purposive sampling Technique was used to select samples who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre during the period of study.30 patients were selected as samples during the study. 3.5. Criteria for Selection of the Sample: Inclusion Criteria: Patients who were admitted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre Alcoholic patients with Low self esteem Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are not willing to participate in the study. Alcoholic dependants associated with Psychotic symptoms. 3.5. Instruments and Tool for Data Collection: The tool was prepared based on review of literature and guidance of experts from the field of Psychiatry. Section I: This section includes demographic variables like age, education, family Income, occupation, marital status, marital disharmony, Type of Family Duration of Alcohol intake Consumption of alcohol, physical and psychological problems. Section II: This section consists of modified Rutgersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Alcohol Problem Index scale. It is a useful tool to assess the problem index among alcoholic patients. It consists of 15 questions. Section III: This section has an index to measure personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self-esteem. It consists of 20 statements to assess the level of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. Score Interpretation: Self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Esteem Assessment Scale consists of 20 s tatements of assessment of patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s level of self esteem. The total score is 60, patient who scores the item à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and more than 46 is having low self-esteem. Section IV: This section consists of intervention for Low self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Esteem such as Individual activities and Group activities. Individual Activities: Promoting individually performing activities. The patients are encouraged to do individual activities such as Art writing and Reading Newspapers. Group Activities: Group activities is two or more individuals unite together to promote an same activity. Patients are encouraged to do psychodrama (Group was given a theme, group members act out based on the theme) and Outdoor games (Tenniequots) 3.6. Variables of the study: Independent variable: Self-esteem activities. Dependant variable: Alcoholic dependants. 3.7. Techniques for Data Analysis and Interpretation: The tables were formulated for base line information such as age, education, occupation, type of family, marital disharmony, income per month, amount of alcohol intake, duration of alcohol intake, physical and psychological symptoms. Pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test was used to analyze the significant difference in the level of self-esteem before and after promoting self esteem activities. 3.7.1. Pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢test: The test was used to point out the effect of promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic patients. t=d SD/ n SD= (d-d) Here d=Mean difference between pretest and posttest score. SD=Standard Deviation of the Pre test and post test Sore n=Number of Samples. Pilot study report Pilot study was conducted for a period of 2 weeks, from 28th May 2010 to 11th May 2010, to test the practicability of the tool and feasibility of conducting the main study. Study was conducted in Psychiatric ward of P S G Hospital. For pilot study 5 samples were selected. Data were collected by interview method. Through the pilot study it was proved that self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem. The researcher would like to continue the study to promote self esteem among alcoholic dependants. Changes brought after pilot study During the pilot study, self esteem level was assessed and found to be low among alcoholic dependants. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence, and data visualizations. 4.1. General Profile of alcoholic Dependants 1. Age Among thirty alcoholic dependants, six patients were at the age of 21-30 years, fifteen patients were at the age of 31-40years, seven patients were at the age between 41-50 years and two patients were between 51-60years. 2. Education Most of the alcoholic dependants were completed their secondary education, seven patients had completed primary education, six patients completed higher secondary education and seven had graduate degree. 3. Occupation: A. Type of Work It was found that ten were doing business, five were farmers, four were engineers, two were bus drivers and there was one from each category like tailor, rashion shop, goldsmith, shopkeeper, hotel supervisor, massion, mandapam decorator, Carpentor, cable TV Manager. B. Hours of Work Hours of work for alcoholic dependants were varying from6-15 hrs. Most of them nineteen were working between 11-15 hrs and eleven patients were working 6-10 hours per day. C. Income per Month Income of alcoholic dependants varied depends upon their occupation, fifteen were earning between Rs.6000-10000 per month, eight patients were earning between Rs.11000-15000 per month, four were earning between Rs.1000-5000 per month, three patients were earning between Rs 16000-20000 per month. D. Conflict in Work Area Majority of alcoholic dependants, twenty expressed no conflict in work area and ten had conflict in their work area. 4. Family history A. Marital status Twenty four patients were married, six patients were unmarried. B. Marital disharmony: Thirty alcoholic dependants came out with the problem of and only eleven patients had no such problems. C. Relationship with spouse: Among the alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were maintaining good relationship with their spouse and twelve patients were not maintaining good relationship with spouse. D. Relationship with children: Twenty two were maintaining good relationship with their children and two patients were not maintaining good relationship with children. E. Type of Family: Among twenty four alcoholic dependants, six patients were from joint family and eighteen from nuclear family. F. Family History of Alcoholism: There is no family history of alcohol intake among twenty five alcoholic dependants and only five patients were having the family history of alcoholism. 5. Social History: A. Social Support: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, one had Peer group support, three had support from friends, and twenty six had family support. 6. Alcoholic History: A. Duration of Alcohol Intake In years: Duration of 11-15-years of alcohol intake was found among fifteen alcoholic dependants, 6-10years among ten alcoholic dependants, 1-5years among three alcoholic dependants and 16-20 years among two alcoholic dependants. B. Consumption of Alcohol started by: Most of the patients twenty five were started consuming alcohol through friends, three started by their relatives and two started by their family members. C. Quantity of Alcohol when started (Bear in ml): Majority of the alcoholic dependants, twenty three started with 100-300ml of bear while seven alcoholic dependants were stated with 700-900ml of bear. D. Quantity of Alcohol at present (Hot): At present eleven alcoholic dependants was consuming 700-900ml of hot which is more than nineteen alcoholic dependants consuming 400-600ml. E. Time of drinking Alcohol: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were taking alcohol in the evening, four were taking alcohol in the morning and evening, fourteen were taking alcohol throughout the day. F. Money spent on Alcohol Consumption: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, most of them twenty two spent Rs 4000-6000per month for alcohol consumption seven spent Rs7000-9000 per month and one spent Rs 1000-3000 per month. G. Motivation for treatment of Alcoholism: Maximum number of patients thirteen were motivated by self, seven were motivated by already treated patients in de-addiction centre, five were motivated by family members and five were motivated by Relatives. H. Reason for Alcoholism: Seventeen patients were started on alcoholism due to psychological factors such as wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death, job stress etc, thirteen patients were started due to peer group pressure and none had the reason of physical and psychiatric illness. TABLE 4 1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS 1 AGE IN YEARS 21-30 6 31-40 15 41-50 7 51-65 2 2 EDUCATION Primary 7 Secondary 10 Higher secondary 6 Graduate 7 3 OCCUPATION A.TYPE OF WORK Business 10 Farmer 5 Tailor 1 Accountant in Rashionshop 1 Goldsmith 1 Hotel Supervisor 1 Driver 2 Construction Worker 1 Engineers 4 Mandapam Decorator 1 Carpenter 1 Cable T.V. Manager 1 B.HOURS OF WORK 6 10 11 11 15 19 C.INCOME PER MONTH 1000-5000 4 6000-10,000 15 11,000-15,000 8 16,000-20,000 3 D.CONFLICT IN WORK AREA Present 10 Absent 20 4 FAMILY HISTORY A.MARITAL HISTORY Married 24 Single 6 B.MARITAL DISHARMONY Present 13 Absent 11 C.RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE Maintains good relationship 12 Not maintains good relationship 12 D.RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILDREN Maintains good relationship 22 Not maintains good relationship 2 E.TYPE OF FAMILY Joint family 6 Nuclear family 18 F.FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM Present 5 Absent 25 SOCIAL HISTORY A.SOCIAL SUPPORT Neighbors 0 Peer group 1 Friends 3 Family 26 5 ALCOHOLIC HISTORY A.DURATION OF ALCOHOL INTAKE IN YEARS 1 5 3 6 10 10 11 15 15 16-20 2 B.CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL STARTED BY Friends 25 Family members 2 Relatives 3 Self 0 C.QUANTITY OF ALCOHOL WHEN STARTED (BEAR) ML 100-300 23 400-600 7 700-900 0 D.QUQNTITY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT PRESENT(HOT)ML 100-300 0 400-600 19 700-900 11 E.TIME OF DRINKING ALCOHOL Morning 0 Evening 12 Both 4 Throughout the Day 14 F.MONEY SPENT ON ALCOHOLISM 1000-3000 1 4000-6000 22 7000-9000 7 G.MOTIVATION FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM Family members 5 Relatives 5 Self 13 Treated patients 0 H.REASON FOR ALCOHOLISM Physical Illness 0 Psychiatric Illness 0 Psychological Illness 17 Peer group Influence 13 4.2. Assessment of Problem Index among Alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, Majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, neglected by relatives, advised by relatives and friends, to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty,neede more alcohol to get the same effect previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. TABLE 2 ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM INDEX n=30 S.No PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 1 Not Able To Work 10 15 5 0 2 Neglected Responsibilities 10 15 5 0 3 Had Fight With Others 20 5 5 0 4 Neglected By Relatives 10 14 6 0 5 Advised By friends, neighbours, relatives to stop alcohol 0 20 10 0 6 Kept Promised To Stop Drinking 10 12 8 0 7 Noticed A Change In Personality 12 16 2 0 8 Felt Guilty 0 23 7 0 9 Forgetting Places 16 14 0 0 10 Fainted Suddenly 26 4 0 0 11 Gone Suddenly 26 3 1 0 12 Needed More Alcohol To Get The same Effect As Of previous One 0 20 6 4 13 Tried To Control Drinking 16 8 6 0 14 Stopped Drinking Because Of Withdrawal Symptoms 20 10 0 0 15 Felt physical or Psychologically dependant On Alcohol 0 16 10 4 Score Interpretation: 1.None of the Time, 2.1-2 Time, 3.3-4 Times, 4.More than five t imes 4.3. Assessment of Level of Self-Esteem among alcoholic Dependants: Fifty one patients were got admitted in kasthuriba Gandhi de-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore in the month of July. Among them thirty alcoholic dependants were selected for the study based on the exclusion criteria. Level of self-esteem was assessed for each patient by using self-esteem assessment tool. All thirty alcoholic dependants were having low self-esteem that they become anger when criticized, afraid to try new things, showing difficulty in performing social activities and social interaction. All the alcoholic Dependants were scored the level of self-esteem score between50-60. 4.4. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities: Self-Esteem activities are promoted by scheduling as individual and group activities. Individual activities are promoted in the morning and group activities are promoted in the evening to boost up self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants. TABLE 3 Self-Esteem Activities Protocol S. No Time Activities 1 Morning Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Afternoon Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Psychodrama 3.30-5.00Pm B. Tenniquoite TABLE 4 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pre test 1. Self- Esteem Score (46) 30 SCORE INTERPRETATION: Problems with low self-esteem are indicated by a total score higher than 46 TABLE 5 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pretest Post test 1. Self-Esteem Score(46) 30 0 TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(46) 30 30 2. Self-Esteem Score(46) 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic Dependants were scored 46 before promoting Self-Esteem activities. But after promoting Self-Esteem Activities they have scored 46 TABLE 7 Difference in pretest and Posttest Self-Esteem Score of Alcoholic Dependants S. No Pretest Score Posttest Score Difference 1 56 33 23 2 54 36 22 3 56 32 24 4 56 32 24 5 55 30 25 6 54 33 21 7 52 34 22 8 52 33 21 9 55 33 22 10 55 32 23 11 54 31 23 12 54 30 24 13 56 33 23 14 54 31 23 15 55 32 23 16 56 33 23 17 56 33 23 18 54 33 21 19 56 34 22 20 54 32 23 21 56 33 21 22 54 33 23 23 55 33 21 24 56 34 22 25 53 32 21 26 56 33 21 27 54 30 23 28 56 36 20 29 55 33 22 30 53 34 19 TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(46) 30 0 2. Self-Esteem Score(46) 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic dependants were scored 46 before promoting self-esteem activities. But after promoting self-esteem activities they have scored 46 4.5. COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POSTTEST LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ALCOHOLIC DEPENDANTS In order to find out the significant difference between pretest and posttest scores of level of self-esteem, pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test was compared to test the significance, the hypothesis was stated. Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in level of self-esteem before and after promoting self-esteem activities. t = d/SD/n SD = (d-d)/n-1 (d-d) = 65.25 SD= (65.25)/30-1 SD= 65, 25/29 SD= 2.25 SD=1.5 t=d/SD/n =21.5/1.5/30 =21.5/1.5/5.4 =21.5/0.27 t=79.62 df=n-1 =30-1 =29 As the calculated value is 79.62, which is greater than table value (3.66)at the degree of freedom of 29.It is significant at the level of 0.001,and hypothesis is accepted. Hence there is significant improvement between mean pretest and posttest score of self-esteem. 4.6. Influence of demographic variables on Alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem: 4.6.1Influence of age on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Age positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between age and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =3068/1715(49) =3068/84035 =0.0365 =0.191 The calculated value is 0.191 that there is a positive correlation between age and level of self-esteem. Hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.2Influence of hours of work on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between hours of work and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Hours of work positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hours of work and level of self-esteem r= XY/(x-x) (y-y) =157.92/81.76 (49) =157.92/4006.2 8 =0.03941 =0.198 The calculated value is 0.198 that there is a positive correlation between hours of work and level of self-esteem..Hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.3 Influence of duration of alcohol intake on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Duration of alcohol intake positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between duration of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =572/405(49) =572/19845 =0.028 =0.169 The calculated value is 0.169 that there is a positive correlation between duration of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. Hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.4 Influence of quantity of alcohol intake on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between quantity of alcohol intake and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: quantity of alcohol intake positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between quantity of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =565908/547890(49) =565908/268466 =2.1 =1.4 The calculated value is 0.14 that there is a positive correlation between quantity of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.5Influence of age on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Age of Alcoholic dependants positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) = 4289/1891.2(70.8) = 4289/132370 = 0.032 = 0.18 The calculated value is 0.18 that there is a positive correlation between age and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.6Influence of hours of work on posttest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: hours of work positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hors of work and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =320/1715(70.8) =320/121422 =0.0026 =0.05 The calculated value is 0.05 that there is a positive correlation between hours of work and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.7 Influence duration of alcohol intake on posttest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Duration of alcohol intake positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hors of work and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =1175.5/405(70.8) =1175.5/28674 =0.04 =0.20 The calculated value is 0.20 that there is a positive correlation between duration of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.9 Influence of quantity of alcohol intake on posttest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem:karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: hours of work positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hors of work and level of self-esteem. r= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ XY/(x-x)(y-y) =9597444/547890(70.8) =9597444/38790612 =0.02 =0.157 The calculated value is 0.157 that there is a positive correlation between quantity of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction: The main aim of the study was to assess the level of self-esteem among alcoholic dependants and to promote self esteem activities. The study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction centre at Coimbatore. A total of thirty patients were selected for the study .each patients baseline information was collected to understand the background of the patient and also some of the factors such as age, occupation, income which are expected to have an impact on alcoholism. 5.1 General Profile of the Alcoholic Dependants: The young age of alcoholic dependant who started intake of alcohol at the age of 21years was six and in the age of 65years are two. Many research studies says that, alcohol abuse and alcohol Dependence are not only adult problems they also affect a significant number of adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12-20,eventhough drinking under the age of 21 is illegal(Joseph.A,2008). Study shows seven alcoholic dependants were having only primary level of education others were completed their secondary, higher secondary and graduates. An individual receives less than or up to 12 years of education can the causative effect of Alcoholism. This finding implies that improving educational levels has the potential to counteract the risk factors and help to prevent alcoholism said Wan. Most of the alcoholic dependants were heavy workers such as drivers, civil engineers; farmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s etc. Some study shows occupation has higher alcoholism rates, High risk occupation s attract problem drinkers or create them through job pressures. One hundred and fifty male manual recruits to Scottish breweries and distilleries were interviewed and compared with similar men in lower risk jobs. The alcohol producers reported poorer employment records and were significantly heavier drinkers than the controls. The alcohol producers were also more likely than the controls to have drunk more since recruitment. These results suggest that the drink trade attracts a disproportionate number of people likely to develop alcohol-related problems and indicates that drinking habits may be strongly influenced by work environment. In this study some alcoholic dependants started taking alcohol by learning from peergroups, work environment. The culture of the workplace may either accept and encourage drinking or discourage and inhibit drinking. A workplaces tolerance of drinking is partly influenced by the gender mix of its workers. Studies of male-dominated occupations have d escribed heavy drinking cultures in which workers use drinking to build solidarity and show conformity to the group (4, 5). Some male-dominated occupations therefore tend to have high rates of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems (6, 7 In my study four Alcoholic dependants are having monthly Income Rs.1000-4000,Most of the alcoholic dependants are having the monthly income of more than 6000-20000.The more income people have higher social status or class, more likely theirhigh socio-economic status induces to drink alcoholic beverages. Marital disharmony also one of the risk factor for consuming alcohol, here in general practice alcoholism should be considered, when the doctor detects marital disharmony, repeated sickness absenteeism, repeated aggressive behavior, patients presenting with anxiety and depression, and those who smell of drink.( B. D. Hoer and R. H. Wilkins). Psychological factor plays a major role in consumption of alcohol, most of the alcoholic dependa nts in this consumes alcohol due to psychological factors. some research studies says that people turn to alcohol during periods of stress, frustration e.g. as a result of failure in an exam, loss of dear one, marital breakup, loss of personal property, etc as a way of trying to overcome the stress or depression. 5.2. Assessment of Problem Index Among alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, had inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, were neglected by relatives,were advised by relatives and friends to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty, neede more alcohol to get the same effect as previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. 5.3. Assessment of level of self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants: Data on level of self-esteem pointed out that most of the alcoholic dependants are having low self-esteem. Their level of self-esteem was assessed by using self-esteem scale .Most of them scored the item very often(3) that inability to accept criticism, poor social interaction, afraid to try new things, difficulty to look people in the eye, uncomfortable in the presence of strangers, Feeling embarrassment when others are praising etc. There is a significant amount of research on the relationship between self-esteem and focusing on how self-esteem influences who is likely to consume alcohol. Research shows that low self-esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescent drinking behavior, adolescents with high self-esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self-esteem and reported smaller increases in alcohol consumption over time (Gerald, Gibbons, Bergen, 2000). In addition in a study on college students. Students with lo w self-esteem became more intoxicated than students with high self-esteem (Glindemann, Geller, and Fortney, 1999).Although research shows a relationship alcohol and self-esteem. TABLE 5.1 5.4. Promotion of Self-esteem Activities among Alcoholic Dependants: S. No Time Activities 1 Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Caroms 3.30-5.00Pm B. Volley Ball 5.5. Comparison of Level of Self-Esteem Before And After Promoting Self-Esteem Activities: It was found in the assessment that the level of self-esteem was improved after promotion of self-esteem activities. Alcoholic dependants who scored the item very often (3) in the pretest were scored sometimes (2) or occasionally (1) after promotion of self-esteem activities. Patients were actively participated in self-esteem activities, before promoting self-esteem activities alcoholic dependants had the problems like becoming angry for criticism, poor interaction, inability to try new things, having difficulty looking people in the eye, difficulty making small talk, etc.But after promoting self-esteem activities alcoholic dependants showed an improvement in accepting criticism, trying new things, facing other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in the eye, good social interaction. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The present study was conducted in selected De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore from 28.6.10-25.7.10.Alcoholic dependants were selected by sample free technique. The level of self-esteem was assessed by using self-esteem scale. alcoholalcohol induced psychiatric illness and dependants with high self-esteem were excluded. After initial assessment of self-esteem, self-esteem activities were promoted which include Individual and Group activities. Reassessment was done after a gap of fourteen days using the same scale to identify the enhancement in promotion of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. The data collected during assessment and was revealed that the level of self-esteem had significantly improved after promotion of self-esteem activities. The demographic variables like age, hours of work, quantity of alcohol intake, and duration of intake of alcohol were analyzed by using Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s co-efficient of co-relation to identify the influence of these variable s on the level of self-esteem and alcoholic dependants. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between age hours, quantity, duration of alcohol intake and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. The results also indicated for posttest. The significance of level of self-esteem on pretest and posttest level of alcoholic dependants were calculated using pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢test.The results showed that after promoting self-esteem activities the alcoholic dependants had a significant improvement in level of self-esteem. 6.1. Major Findings of The Study: Majority of alcoholic dependants were in the age group of 20-65years. In pre assessment of level of self-esteem all 30 alcoholic dependants had low self-esteem. In post assessment of level of self-esteem, all 30 alcoholic dependants had improved their self-esteem. The mean pretest score .there is a increase in posttest mean score. The paired à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢test value of self-esteem is 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢= ) is greater than the table value at the degree of freedom 29 is significant at the level of 0.001. 6.2 Limitation of The Study: This study was limited only to alcoholic dependants This study was aimed only to promote self-esteem of alcoholic dependants The study was limited only to the De-addiction centre. 6.3 Suggestions For Further Study Similar study can be conducted for other psychoactive substance use disorders patients A similar study can be conducted with family members. A similar study can be conducted for alcoholic dependants on any psychiatric set up. A study can be conducted among friends of alcoholic dependants who regularly visit wine shops/bars/Arrack shops. A study can be conducted on childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of alcoholics to identify the level of self-esteem. 6.4 Recommendations: A follow up study on promotion of self-esteem among alcoholic dependants after six months to one year can be carried out to explore in to the retaining impact of self-esteem. Mass media, Posters can be used to create awareness on alcohol treatment to public; this will be helpful in removing misconceptions regarding alcoholic patients. A similar study can be conducted to assess the self-esteem of the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of alcoholics and to promote self-esteem activities earlier. 6.5. Conclusion: The study highlights the practice of self-esteem activities are useful tools for Alcoholic dependants who are having low self-esteem. Thre is no medical treatment to treat low self-esteem, only we can promote self-esteem by involving them in self-esteem activities .Alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem need positive reinforcement to enhance self-esteem. Individual activities makes the individuals to complete the task by alone and improves the individual capablity. Group activities makes the group to work together to achieve the task and also it improves social interaction. The study review showed that promotion of self-esteem activities among alcoholic dependants was the most effective method for enhancement of self-esteem. The result can potentially be employed as non-pharmacologic adjuvant therapy in the management of alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay - 1707 Words

Every year, about 40,000 babies are born with symptoms of prenatal alcohol exposure (Lupton, 2003). This number will only continue to grow if the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant is not brought to the people’s attention. When the mother takes a drink of alcohol, so does the fetus, which will cause physical and behavioral problems after birth. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is completely preventable and irreversible. FAS awareness and prevention is important; expectant mothers need to know the background information about the syndrome, some common symptoms, signs, and treatments, and the mental and physical abnormalities that will occur because of this lifelong syndrome. The term, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, was first described in 1973†¦show more content†¦Even though a number of things cause an IUGR drinking alcohol is one factor that can be prevented. During the first trimester of the pregnancy, the caregiver assesses the size of the pregnant woman’s uterus by doing a pelvic exam. After that the initial assessment of the uterus she checks the baby’s growth by measuring the belly at every prenatal visit, if the measurement is smaller than your due date an ultrasound is done to determine the weight and size of the baby, but sometimes the woman may have the date of her last period wrong, which will throw off the due date (Intrauterine growth restriction, 2012). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is not genetically inherited but rather an acquired syndrome. This syndrome is a spectrum disorder; the child can have it very mild or extremely severe. Fetal alcohol syndrome is irreversible and has no cure; the child just undergoes treatment for the r est of his life. A study showed that about 30% of women in the U.S. drink alcohol during pregnancy (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 2011). This number will only continue if women are not educated about the effects of alcohol on the unborn child. If a woman is pregnant or plans to get pregnant she should not have a drink of alcohol not even a single drop during her term. Phil Petrosky an Ohio Department of Health employee says; â€Å"I would absolutely say there is no safe amount of alcohol at all during pregnancy.† If the pregnant woman did not know she was pregnant and drank alcohol, she shouldShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome942 Words   |  4 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women andRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"If women didn’t drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect† (McCuen 33). This is a very powerful statement. It is also a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. â€Å"Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant â€Å" (McCuen 34). That is 1 to 3 per 1,000 live birthsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pageslead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus during growthRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a mental and physical birth defect. It occurs when a pregnant women consumes high levels of alcohol during her pregnancy. The effects of FAS can be traumatic in some cases, and in others children were slightly affected by exposure to alcohol. FAS has a wide range of effects on the fetus and infant, retarded growth, under developed facial features, slow cognitive development, and many more. The evidence of cases is overwhelming, yet in some societies it is still anRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome2703 Words   |  11 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that may develop in the unborn child when its mother drinks during pregnancy. These defects occur primarily during the first trimester when the teratogenic effects of the alcohol have the greatest effect on the developing organs. The symptoms associated with FAS have been observed for many centuries, but it was not until 1968 that Lemoine and his associates formally described theseRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyou want your child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about FAS. FAS doesn’t sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby’s birth. FAS is a direct result of a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child’s life. One in five hundred children are born with FAS. Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor youRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is an increasing problem in our world today. At least 5,000 infants are born each year with FAS, or about one out of every 750 live births, which is an alarming number. In the United States there has been a significant increase in the rate of infants born with FAS form 1 per 10,000 births in 1979 to 6.7 per 10,000 in 1993 (Chang, Wilikins-Haug, Berman, Goetz 1). In a report, Substance Abuse and the American Woman, sent out by the Center on Addiction

Measuring Macro Concepts Free Essays

Inflation refers to a rise in the general level of prices of the goods and services we purchase for a period of time, so it is important to determine the inflation rate of our economy in a timely basis. This is to determine what courses of action we should take, including demands for higher wages, increased prices, and more. The current inflation rate of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Macro Concepts or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. for the month of January is about 4.28%, and is projected to go down little by little in the following months (Foldvary). The inflation rate need not be a worry for us, but we should be aware about it. As of now, we are in a time of stable prices, but these prices may change depending on various situations, which could affect the inflation rate. It is important to determine expected inflation since it is an important basis of the economy’s future inflation. This is because if there is no definite value given for the inflation and the public expects a higher inflation, then it would lead to workers demanding higher wages. This would in turn affect employers, forcing them to raise the prices of their goods, thus resulting to the higher actual inflation. The current unemployment rate for the country is 4.9% in January of 2008, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The unemployment rate doesn’t necessarily mean that it could lead to deflation. Rather, it’s the other way around. Deflation makes it possible that real wages are raised, making it difficult and costly for the management to lower. This would result to layoffs and the employers are reluctant to hire new workers, thus leaving many people unemployed. The current market structure that the country have can be classified as a natural rate of unemployment, wherein it falls under the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy is able to achieve, which ranges from 1% to 5%. This could be due to the non-accelerating inflation, wherein it stays at a certain level that is comparatively tolerable for the country. This structure results to a non-moving or non-accelerating inflation, since it is relatively lower posing no real threat to the economy. The current Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate is 4.6%. This is after a .6% slump from last year’s 5.2%. This could be accounted to the decline of the US dollar, which didn’t help the exports situation. This is because of still higher prices of imports like oil, which offsets the higher exports in terms of dollars (Forecasts.org). According to Forecasts.org, the GDP will continue to slow down in the following months. It showed that both February and March of 2008 have 4.60% GDP growth rate. The months of April, May, and June have 4.50% GDP growth rate, while the month of July only has 4.20%. This continuous decline could be caused by unsettled economic problems and the continued weakening of the dollar (Forecasts.org). The distribution of wealth among each fifth of the families consistently show that the poorest group receive the least, while the richest fifth receive most of the total income, reaching more than 40% of the total. This has been the trend even before, wherein most of the rich people receive the greatest part of the income. The poorest receive the least, while those in between weren’t far from each other (Levy). This is not a fair type of distribution since the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. This has been the trend even before, the only difference is that there is an increase in each of the families’ income. This could be because of the increasing prices of commodities that they have to strive for better paying jobs. Works Cited: Foldvary, Fred E. â€Å"Inflation, Employment and Money†.   1997. February 24 2008. Forecasts.org. â€Å"U.S. Nominal Gdp Growth Forecast†.   2008. February 24 2008. http://www.forecasts.org/gdpgrowth.htm. Levy, Frank. â€Å"Distribution of Income†.   1990. February 24 2008. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html. How to cite Measuring Macro Concepts, Essay examples

Management Perspective Chinas Food Scare

Question: Desribe about the Management Perspective for Chinas Food Scare. Answer: Introduction Organizational behavior, politics and business dynamics affects and alters behaviors of individuals and leaders who form a part of the organization(Balthazard, 2006). Often organizational culture is against the personal choices and determining factors for individuals which gives rise to conflict within self. An individual within an organization is able to perform ones the organizational politics and dynamics matches with the personal mind framework, this aspect determines the personal fit into the organization vision and mission along with strategies. Leaders and employees in various organizations often face role conflict, which arises from ones own personal ethical set-up against various organizational stakeholders demands. The report is an analysis of self in Mc Donalds organizational cultural set up, the various ethical dilemmas and issues faced. Further the report goes on to discuss the various steps taken that can alter the performance of ones self in the organization and give r ise to less of organizational conflict. Mc Donalds has been criticized to conduct various deceptive marketing practices and unethical conduct due to their managers and leaders behavior. These ethical practices have done more harm to the organization than good in markets of China and India(Witkowski, 2007). Personal SWOT of self will highlight the discrepancies with the organization and will also help in diagnosing better self-improvement skills for organizational betterment. Analysis of Self While I was working within an organization it was in my best interest to adapt to the organizational culture that is practiced(Hansen, 2007). Often an individual while adapting oneself to the organizational politics and dynamics faces ethical dilemma that not hampers oneself but also does greater harm to the organization. Mc Donalds in China has been found to be selling low quality food products, often rotten food and adapting to deceptive marketing practices for attracting large number of customers. As I was employed in Mc Donalds it was my foremost duty and vision to change these practices and adopt ethical norms for the company. China offers a large market of potential customers for Mc Donalds and the company has a good brand name world over. Hence resorting to unethical practices will lead to company losses and raise future sustainability issues in the Chinese market. Customers will avert the company due to its malpractices, as customers today have immense access to a wide variet y of information(Quast, 2013). As an individual with ethical vision the strength is to conduct business corporate social responsibility. But following such practices have led to un-acceptance amongst many in the organizational set-up with an unethical mid set-up. The following are the highlights of personal SWOT analysis as viewed by self and others in the organization. SWOT is an abbreviation for Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats. Personal SWOT Strength: Ethical personal orientation, as seen by self Capability to lead a team, as considered by self Competences to motivate individuals in a team, according to self-assessment High ability to work hard and diligently to achieve organizational goals, as seen by others in the organization Weakness: Inability to adopt to current unethical practices within organization, as considered by self Incompetence to adhere to current deceptive marketing practices followed in the organization, as considered by self Unable to apply and convince ethical practices successfully amongst various organizational stakeholders, as considered by self Unawareness regarding Chinese religious and cultural values, as seen by others in the organization Opportunity : To initiate a change process within the organization To apply CSR norms and practices amongst stakeholders in Mc Donalds To be able to recreate Mc Donalds tainted brand image in the country again Threat : Initial losses to business following marketing practices that stresses on healthy eating Loss in customer base in potential market Losing market share to competitors(Buttles, 2006) During my working stint, I have handled new crew members working with me and I have done exceptionally well at leading them. At times, certain mistakes were conducted which brought in scolding from the restaurant manager. At such times, I motivated the employees and ensured that their morale was not adversely impacted. I have great affinity for people and hence able to forge an amicable personal bond with both colleagues and superiors. As a result, I was immensely popular at my workplace. However, there are certain issues that I faced. One was with regards to ethical flexibility which I was expected to show so as to serve companys business interest. However, I could not effectively indulge in the same as my personal value system does not permit such a behavior. Due to lack of conviction with regards to these practices, I could not convince my colleagues with regards to the utility of the same. However, others also propagated that it is a basic necessity as even the competition is indulging in the same. At times, I had to face embarrassment at workplace and with customers due to my limited knowledge about Chinese culture and norms. I see immense opportunity with regards to bringing a radical change in the organization so as to rectify the tainted image of the company. In the change process, the single largest issue is to deal with resistance of employees to change. In this regard, my ability to forge personal equation with the people around can be leveraged so that their apprehensions could be overcome and additionally motivation for change could also be provided. Further, in order to manage the reputation of the company, CSR activities are required and I could prove to be a harbinger of sorts in this regard due of my strong value inclination as demonstrated during my work experience. However, there is always the threat that such a turnaround may not come even though a high capital is involved in various marketing initiatives. With regards to change also, able support would be required on multiple fronts to make the process success and if that support is fragile or non-existent, then it may be frustration on my part and losses for the company. PEST Analysis Individuals performance is dependent on the influence of external factors the opportunities gets converted into threats, these external influences can be analyzed through PEST. Political factors : The lack of civil liberties in China tends to have effect on the work conditions and personal freedom. Economic factors : The high economic growth that China has witnessed coupled with rising purchasing power of customers provides excellent opportunity for professional growth. Social factors : The society has certain inherent traditional conservative norms that it needs to adhere to, which acted as a weakness. Technological factors : China is highly technologically advanced country, which has all the features of the Westernized world. while working their this factor acted as a strength for me. Critical Self-Assessment Every day in the organizational set-up there are various modes of communication that an individual has to face. At Mc Donalds regular corporate email from head office communicates regarding the strategies that the company is adopting in order to meet their revenue generation goals. Following these practices determines my personal fit and other employees within the organizational cultural set-up. These revenue generation goals often needs to be attend by breach of the CSR norms that are followed by businesses. Conversation with senior managers and corporate artifacts reflects that unethical practices and deceptive marketing has become a part of the organizational culture(Boud, 2013). These practices are harmful for the long term sustainability of the business of Mc Donalds in China hence proper CSR norms needs to be adhered to and there needs to a proper organizational culture build such that these practices can be adopted. In order to initiate the change process, as a manager the rol e of a transformational leader needs to be adopted. As of now the path followed as a manger was mostly transaction leadership style that followed head office and corporate office orders. The various shareholders of the organization has a mental bend of mind only to reap profits from the business established without considering the effects that the business make on the society(Tsui, 2006). The current mental framework of mine, made it difficult to convince them to consider ethical bends in business. But with sheer determination and proper decision making it is imperative to persuade the shareholders to agree to the broader business objectives. Once the shareholders and senior individuals of the business are convinced it will be easier to adopt proper norms to conduct business and build effective relationship with the stakeholders of the business. It will be easier to manage, motivate and lead employees to follow the goals determined and to set broader business objectives(Baer, 2006). Suppliers and vendors who are external stakeholders of the business will also develop greater value and respect for the business, hence might offer competitive rates. In order to be an effective and to convince all the internal stakeholders of the business especially employees, it is important to address their culturally diverse ethnic set-up. A successful individual is one who follows geo-centric approach in managing and handling operations overseas. China is a country that has stringent social laws and bindings and employees to a certain extent follows the same set-up in their work field as well. Some of the basic norms for Chinese are respect for elders and senior members of the society, able to work under pressure and so on. These facts and other social norms as well as values need to be kept in mind prior to adopting any step in the regional office(Bennett, 2011). An awareness regarding all these facets was not present earlier and needs to be developed. Self-Improvement In order to establish one-self as a successful individual in business and to be able to transform the business in a positive way certain improvements are necessary. Corporate office practices and norms affect individuals and their behaviors and influence them to follow the same pattern. Hence it is often seen to be difficult to overcome such practices and adopt newer norms and practices in businesses. Due to imposition of corporate office practices it becomes imperative to follow similar decision making practices in individual offices(Kurman, 2006). In Mc Donalds case an outlet in China needs to follow and adhere to corporate norms and practices as followed by head office of the company is U.S.A. Therefore in order to change deceptive marketing practices at Chinese headquarters and to adopt ethical strategies shareholders of the business needs to be convinced. I needed to convince shareholders to alter their decision making criteria and pattern such that CSR norms can be adopted in Chinese markets. The shareholders needs to be convinced on grounds that China offers a huge potential market for Mc Donalds and resorting to deceptive marketing practices and unethical norms will damage the companys reputation and brand name in the market. This will lead to loss in market share for the company to the competitors, hence the company needs to adopt marketing practices that Chinese view as having positive impacts on them rather than negative. Once shareholders are ready to follow new practices and to offer premium quality products and services in the Chinese markets then fellow employees can easily be convinced regarding the new norms(Sedikides, 2009). A transformational leader along with servant leadership skills needs to be demonstrated to fellow employees such as to prove that it is possible to adhere to ethical norms and generate revenues. Employees need to be made aware of the various positive effects of CSR and ethical marketing. Cultural awareness needs to be adopted within individuals so as to develop respect for the Chinese counterparts and motivate them accordingly. Conclusion Individuals in every organization has an integral role to play in its conduct and results. However, individuals are often governed by various pressures and influences from organizational existing cultural framework of politics, dynamism and other factors. It is the personality and persona of individuals that is able to lead the organization in a positive direction. The growing awareness amongst consumers and concerns in ethics have forced individuals in various organizations to form a code of conduct through which business is able to have positive influence on the society and community where it performs. The case of Mc Donalds in China has been discussed here, which faces great scandal of food scare and issues in deceptive marketing. An individual through his personal capabilities is able to transform the organization and its employees such that it has a positive impact on the Chinese market and is able to grow further in the future. As a manager SOWT analysis has been done and sever al self-criticism along with improvement tools has been suggested which can be applied. The self-improvement tool of convincing shareholders and senior leaders within the organization to adopt ethical code of conduct can help create organizational sustainability and re-establish the brand name in the market again for the company. References America, C. (Retrieved on 20 th August, 2016). Affected companies in China's food scare. https://www.cctv-america.com/2014/07/21/food-safety-scandal-rocks-fast-food-giants-in-china. Baer, R. A. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 27-45. Balthazard, P. A. (2006). Dysfunctional culture, dysfunctional organization: Capturing the behavioral norms that form organizational culture and drive performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 709-732. Bennett, R. E. (2011). Formative assessment: A critical review. . Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy Practice, 5-25. Boud, D. (2013). Enhancing learning through self-assessment. Routledge. Buttles, T. (2006). Personal SWOT analysis: A tool to facilitate student reflection. . In Poster presented at the 2006 American Association of Agricultural Educators North Central Region Meeting, Ames, IA. Retrieved from www. uwsa. edu/opid/abstracts/wtf05-06_Buttles. pdf. Forbes. (Retrieved on 20th August, 2016). Mc Donald's China price cut. https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2014/07/21/mcdonalds-kfc-snagged-by-new-food-safety-scandal-in-china/#1e5e05254af6. Hansen, R. S. (2007). Using a SWOT analysis in your career planning. Kurman, J. (2006). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ enhancement, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ regulation and selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ improvement following failures. British Journal of Social Psychology, 339-356. Quast, L. (2013). How To Conduct A Personal SWOT Analysis. Sedikides, C. . (2009). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ improvement. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 899-917. Tribune, D. (Retrived on 20th August, 2016). China meat scandal. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/2014/jul/23/china-meat-scandal-spreads-japan. Tsui, A. S. (2006). Organizational culture in China: An analysis of culture dimensions and culture types. . Management and Organization Review, 345-376. Witkowski, T. H. (2007). Food marketing and obesity in developing countries: analysis, ethics, and public policy. . Journal of Macromarketing, 126-37.

Concert Report Essays (252 words) - The Crescendos,

Concert Report Bill Housman concert report #5 On the night of Friday April 28th, 2000 I attended a piano recital. A good friend of my mothers named Sarah Goodman, who has been playing the piano since the age of 6 was holding a solo performance in a small concert hall in the upper east side of Manhattan. The hall had capacity for 200 hundred people, however only about 50 or so sat in the front of the room. It was a beautiful hall with huge chandeliers and giant columns. The program was scheduled to run just over an hour as it began at 8:30 p.m. The first piece was recognizable Beethoven, an intense piece that ranged in sounds using many crescendos and de-crescendos to highlight certain parts. Fluctuating through out the entire song the volume seemed to roar than suddenly go silent. Sarah was quite active during this piece her fingers seemed to float over the black and whit keys. While her body would at points flail violently from side to side. It all seemed to be quite emotional for her. At the end of the piece Sarah was rewarded with a short round of applause. The next piece was my favorite, I did not know who it was by, however it was pleasing to my ear. The music had great rhythm and seemed to flow constantly through out the song. The song was dreamy and carried my hand into the air (I kept it quite low) where I sort of Music

Simple Math Vocabulary for ESL EFL Classes

Simple Math Vocabulary for ESL EFL Classes Its important to know the right math vocabulary when speaking about mathematics in class. This page provides math vocabulary for basic calculations. Basic Math Vocabulary - plus Example: 2 2Two plus two - - minus Example: 6 - 4Six minus four x OR * - times Example: 5 x 3 OR 5 * 3Five times three - equals Example: 2 2 4Two plus two equals four. - is less than Example: 7 10Seven is less than ten. - is greater than Example: 12 8Twelve is greater than eight. ≠¤ - is less than or equal to Example: 4 1 ≠¤ 6Four plus one is less than or equal to six. ≠¥ - is more than or equal to Example: 5 7 ≠¥ 10Five plus seven is equal to or greater than ten. ≠  - is not equal to Example: 12 ≠  15Twelve is not equal to fifteen. / OR à · - divided by Example: 4 / 2 OR 4 à · 2Four divided by two. 1/2 - one half Example: 1 1/2One and one half. 1/3 - one third Example: 3 1/3Three and one third. 1/4 - one quarter Example: 2 1/4Two and one quarter 5/9, 2/3, 5/6 - five ninths, two thirds, five-sixths Example: 4 2/3Four and two thirds % - percent Example: 98%Ninety-eight percent.

Cognitive psy-week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive psy-week 1 - Essay Example Milgram’s classic yet controversial experiment illustrates people's reluctance to confront those who abuse power. He uses research methods tools like controlled observation and case study to find underlying causes to investigate the psychological effects on individuals who are pressurized to act in a way that they personally might not approve of. References Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York: Harper and Row. . Compare and contrast the methods, and highlight their relative strengths and weaknesses. There are several advantages of adopting a case study method to conduct research. Firstly through the use of this method there is sufficient room for the researcher to explore solutions for situations that are complex in nature. They aid in providing a focus on specific characteristics and enable the accumulation of a wide range of data which results not only in the development of analytic and problem solving skills but also adds on to the stre ngth of previously conducted research (Sternberg, 2009). However one weakness could be inaccuracy or inconclusive results if insufficient information is present. Another weakness can be if observed too closely the subjects might change their behavior. To combat this very weakness Milgram introduced the research tool of controlled observation which helped the manipulation of variables to induce situations which the researcher is most interested in. One disadvantage, one which is also a criticism of Milgram’s study, is that of a lack of ecological validity. This according to Sternberg (2009), is a key ingredient which determines the scope, relevance and practical application of a experiment. References Brown, R. (1986). Social Forces in Obedience and Rebellion. Social Psychology: The Second Edition. New York: The Free Press Sternberg, R. (2009). Cognitive psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Assignment # 4 Respond to at least one of your colleagues' po stings who chose a method different from the one you wrote about. The breech in social class leading to a disparity in facilities and the aid provided for academic success resulting in such a huge gap in scores of the two social classes is indeed a commendable observation. The fact that this observation is verified with the provision of the facts by the Department of Education adds an element of validity to this observation. The controlled experiment design suggested is well developed and naturalistic observation would give the experiment an essence of ecological validity. Furthermore the detailed compare and contrast of the two methods is a reflection of the clear understanding of what these two research tools entail. The research suggested compels an individual to question if IQ isn’t the key factor determining intelligence what really is? Also are aiding facilities provided in the educational institutes and an individual’s personal life that critical in determining academic

Osteoporosis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Osteoporosis - Case Study Example Although any individual can contract the condition, Asian and Caucasian women are more prone (Compston, 62). Apart from the vertebrae, osteoporosis affects all the bones in human bodies. However, most instances are seen commonly on the wrist, hip and spine, also known as the vertebrae. It supports the body to maintain its varying postures. Serum calcium levels are elevated in osteoporosis due to its liberation from bones because of hormone influence, the parathyroid hormone in it and more calcium absorption by the kidney that raises its level in the blood (Compston, 18). Referring osteoporosis metabolic bone diseases implies that they result from mineral abnormalities and are often reversible after treating the underlying defects. Osteoporosis can be prevented or slowed down by supplementing the food with enough elements known to lead to this condition. Exercise strengthens bones and their production contrary to the belief that it raises the risks for osteoporosis  acquisition. There are drug therapies that go handy with osteoporosis. They include use of medication such as thyroid hormon e, steroids, diuretics and anticonvulsants (Compston,

Franz Kavka, Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Franz Kavka, - Term Paper Example Kafka, despite reverberating in all his greatness, was always consumed by the fact that death was absolute and approaching him almost all the time. He soon became obsessed with the fact and put forth a number of statements with respect to killing Jews all around him. In one of the articles chosen, it has been mentioned that, â€Å"Sometimes I'd like to stuff all Jews (myself included) into a drawer of a laundry basket-then open it to see if they've suffocated.† (Karra) Even in his works, for example in Metamorphosis, he talks about the emotional death that every man must face during the course of his lifetime. He also tries to show that it is not necessarily a bad thing; and that it is the doom that must fall upon all of mankind eventually. He tries to portray that a person can avoid and be free from death if he is crazy enough to commit suicide. He was sick of society, and on a different level, a little scared as well. This was because he was afraid to publish his works publi cly and have them read and criticized by other people around him. Kafka spent a great amount of time trying to improve the image that he had created for himself around the people he lived with. He was also a hypochondriac, leading him to his infatuation with death subsequently. He feared losing himself in something he did not want to. He thus feared death as much as he welcomed it. Even though he resented Jews and openly wrote and talked about killing them and doing away with all of them including him, he did not foresee the Holocaust which took place soon after his death. The Holocaust had perhaps taken base on his ideas, who knows, because Kafka talked about suffocating Jews and that is exactly what happened in the gas chambers of the concentration and extermination camps set up by Hitler. In Metamorphosis however, Kafka has presented a completely different version of his character Gregor from that of himself. He writes that Gregor is a very socially acceptable man and is trying t o make his own way in life and society. As Gregor is transformed into an insect, or his metamorphosis begins, he begins to see how no one is ready to take him for who he is. An insect is an unwanted bug by everyone, and soon he is kicked out of his own home by his parents and nobody within the society is willing to accept him for who he might be. No one can hear him or understand what he was trying to say either. Much the same way, according to Marx, â€Å"In small numbers, an animal so defenceless as evolving man might struggle along even in conditions of isolation.† Due to this, Gregor dies out of loneliness and isolation as he is not able to survive anymore, and this death is his pathway to freedom and liberation from the clutches and shackles of society that had bound him to surviving according to the needs and desires of other people. (Kafka, Franz) The concept of hunger artists have also been explained in this book as an artist who has been fasting during the time that he has been looking out for people who are interested in his work of art. Soon however, he dies because no one wills to show any interest, and the artist is forced to retreat back to his cage and suffer alone there. Kafka was an absurd man who never enjoyed what he really wrote himself.

Problems of Organisational Research

Problems of Organisational Research EVIDENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ORGANISATIONAL RESEARCH. Research is a process that people go through in order to find out answers to questions in a systematic way, which will then increase their knowledge (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005) in Saunders et al (2007). The purpose of this review essay is to critically discuss evidence and the problem of organizational research, using four academic articles. This review will amongst other things, try to outline the debate on possible approaches to business research, look at the arguments for evidence based research and give an explanation of the problems identified with this approaches. The first article under review is by M. Saunders, P. Lewis and E. Thornhill, (2007) titled ‘The nature of business and management research, taken from their Research Methods for Business Students. This article discusses the debates on the status of business and management research. One popular aspect of this debate is on the ‘transdisciplinary nature of management research. This is a situation whereby knowledge from different disciplines helps management research in no small measure to advance, which otherwise cannot be gotten from the disciplines separately. Another debate arising from this article is ‘that research should complete a virtuous circle of theory and practice (Tranfield and Starkey, 1998) in Saunders et al (2007). This is whereby business and management research will have to apply both theory and practice to increase knowledge. The third debate which this article discusses is how management research can meet the double hurdle of been rigorous both in theory and method while engaging the world of practice and relevance (Hodgkinson et al, 2001) in Saunders et al (2007). This debate arises mainly from Gibbons et al (1994) work on the production of knowledge and its concepts. The implications of these debates are that business and management research will now have ‘to address business issues and practical managerial problems in addition to advancing knowledge and understanding. This however may turn out to be a problem because research that has no commercial value now might have value in the future (Huff and Huff, 2001) in Saunders et al (2007). The second article, ‘Evidence based management by Pfeffer and Sutton(2006), discusses the issue that managers, very much like doctors, rely on outdated knowledge, traditional ways of doing things and their own methods and skills. As with medicine according to Pfeffer and Sutton (2006), managers should in addition to practice and experience, use best logic and evidence to achieve better results. This is because, as opined by Pfeffer and Sutton (2006), even though research on medical practices abound, doctors do not use them. This is the case also with managers because as per their argument, ‘managers are actually much more ignorant than doctors†¦.and they are less eager to find out. Although Pfeffer and Sutton (2006) posit an evidence based movement among managers, they do not loose sight of the challenges which are that the evidence is weaker because everyone lays claim to been a management expert and because of the dynamics from one company to another, that what works for one company may not work for another company. Reasons why managers prefer to make decisions that are not based on new evidence without giving it a serious thought, according to Pfeffer and Sutton (2006) is that they rely heavily on past experience. Dogma and belief is another major driver of managers decisions while ideology has its own fair share of the blame. Hype and marketing also plays a major role in the decisions taken by managers as much as imitation of another companys style; so does casual benchmarking though if well utilized can be cost effective but what works in one company may not work for another. In spite of the factors militating against evidence based management, as posited by Pfeffer and Sutton (2006), ‘organizations will perform better if leaders knew and applied the best evidence. This boils down to the point of ‘providing training, technologies and work practices so staff can take the critical results of the best studies to the bedside. These managers can achieve through demanding evidence, adopting a neutral stance towards ideologies and theories, examining logic, treating the organization as an unfinished prototype, embracing the attitude of wisdom and cultivating the right balance of humility and decisiveness, Pfeffer and Sutton (2006). The third article under review, ‘The narrative of evidence based management: a polemic by Morrell K, (2008) discusses that evidence based management is an offshoot of evidence based medicine which tries to apply ‘the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions (Sackett et al 1996) in Morrell(2008). Based on the extensive research carried out in the field of evidence based management, agencies of government and policy makers have taken on board principles of evidence based management, even though there is still no consensus as to what really evidence is in management studies or on what will be used the determine the quality of evidence (Dopson, 2006) in Morrell (2008). This article also points out the political and moral implications for management both as research and practice, arguing that ‘current attempts to translate the principles of evidence based management have overlooked the role of ethics and judgments (Sackett et al, 1996) in Morrell (2008). Morrell (2008) is of the opinion that not all those pushing for ‘evidence based approaches were in tune with each other as they used different variants to achieve their own purposes. However, they share the view about the relationship that management research has to management practice and the modes of research and forms of knowledge production that it promotes. Morrell (2008) argues that ideology has a part to play in evidence based management and the strands which he identified which can be traced are pragmatism, progress, systematization, technique and accumulation. Based on these, there is a commitment to positivism which means that our knowledge of the social world increases through experiment and that there should be a more scientific approach to the research of the social. This, according to (Hammersly, 2001) in Morrell (2008), is explicit in the goal of building an evidence base or knowledge stock which will give evidence about the social world. Consequent upon these, those who are in support of evidence based approaches state the intention of carrying out research to inform practice as according to (Young et al, 2002) in Morrell(2008), a common belief is that evidence is key to encouraging the adoption of practices by those who are entrusted with policy formulation or other players. The third argument propounded here is the commitment to and development of a common language with the adoption and redefinition of key terms, ‘through, ‘objective, ‘transparent, ‘rigorous, ‘systematic and ‘narrative. Here, existing criticism has overlooked the lapses in evidence based literature, yet, making it too simple, restraint and regimentation will have both political and moral implications that can lead to liberty been curtailed, Morrell, (2008). From the arguments, it is clear that evidence based approach offers a fresh scope to analysis using an esthetic that highlights the political and moral implications of the approach to management. As opined by (McLaughlin 2001) in Morrell (2008), researchers aspire to a way of evaluating the quality of proven evidence. Morrell argues that the apparent lack of a common ground in management studies is a problem because consensus is needed if the study of management will grow. This is because even in medicine where there seems to be a certain level of agreement, ‘the adoption of promising practices is not governed by the principles of evidence, robust scientific evidence is not, of itself, sufficient to ensure diffusion Morrell (2008). The fourth and final article under review, ‘Dynamic Capabilities and Knowledge Management: an Integrative Role for Learning?, Eaerby-Smith and Prieto (2008), discusses the dynamic capabilities approach of strategic management (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008) which sets out to show why some organizations succeed more than others in building competitive advantage within changing markets. Here, the management of knowledge has been put forward as a primary strategic initiative and the most important factor that will guarantee a sustained competitive edge for companies (Grant, 1996) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008). While the dynamic capabilities school emphasizes the renewal of resources by reconfiguring them into new capabilities and competencies as posited by (Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), While the dynamic capabilities school emphasizes the renewal of resources by reconfiguring them into new capabilities and competencies as posited by (Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), according to (Cepeda and Vera, 2005) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), knowledge management research often focuses on providing solutions to managers to create, retain transfer and use an enterprises explicit and tacit knowledge. This article under review relates to the debate in the sense it shares some views with the other authors. According to Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), there are times when researchers, without been aware of it, use ideas and models drawn from other fields not knowing the discussions that have lead to the constructs coming to light, and this sometimes leads to a confusion of concepts between the fields. Again, because researchers may not know the potential limitations in the other field, they may build their research on quick sand. Furthermore, without proper information of the other field, researchers may loss opportunities to better develop their own fields. In relation to the other articles, the idea of knowledge management has become important due to the increased awareness of the importance of knowledge for a companies prosperity and survival, (Grant, 1996; Kogut and Zander, 1992) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008). In this article, Lave and Wenger (1991), come up with the idea that knowledge is ‘situated in the practice of everyday work, while (Cook and Yanow, 1993; Nicolini and Meznar, 1995; Nicolini, Gherardi and Yanow, 2003) propound the idea that organizational knowledge is sustained through social processes within ‘communities of practice. In the light of all that that has been reviewed, it can be deduced that even though the writers of these articles seek to find the right approach to solving the problems of organizational research, they go about it in different ways and have their own views. They however share similar ideas and even though there is no consensus. REFERENCES: Easterby-Smith, M., Prieto, I.M. (2008), Dynamic Capabilities and Knowledge Management: an Integrative Role for Learning? British Journal of Management, 19, pp235-249. Morrell, K. (2008), â€Å"The Narrative of ‘Evidence Based Management: A polemic†, Journal of Management Studies, vol.45 no.3, pp613-635. Pfeffer, J and Sutton, R, (2006), ‘Evidence based management, Harvard Business Review, Jan, pp63-74. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, E. (2007), ‘Research methods for Business Students, London: Prentice Hall, pp4-9.

Sammy in A&P by John Updike Essay -- A&P John Updike Working Careers

Sammy in A&P by John Updike Is where you are in your working career where you want to be for the rest of your life? The answer to that question is simple for Sammy in the story â€Å"A&P† by John Updike. Sammy, like many others in this world, is a young man trying to make some money in a small town. But unlike some, he refuses to be stuck in the same job for many years or possibly the rest of his life. One day while working the register at a local grocery store, Sammy notices three girls walk in. The girls are wearing their bathing suits because the beach is close to the store. When the girls reach the register the manager notices the girls attire. He walks over to them and argues with them for a moment and then girls leave. Sammy didn’t understand why the manager had such a problem with what the girls were wearing. Suddenly Sammy decides to quit. He takes off his apron and walks out the door. One of the things that caught my attention the most was Updike’s use of imagery in describing Sammy’s working environment. â€Å"The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle-†(34), I thou...